Curable, weldable coating compositions

ABSTRACT

A curable coating composition is disclosed comprising a resinous binder comprising (a) a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer with a compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reaction product having reactive functional groups, and (b) a curing agent having functional groups reactive with the functional groups of (a). An electroconductive pigment is dispersed in (a) such that the weight ratio of the electroconductive pigment to (a) plus (b) is within the range of 0.5 to 9.0:1. When the curable coating composition is deposited and cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/858,280, filedMay 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,274 which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/267,521, filed Feb. 8, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to curable, weldable coatings for metalsubstrates, and more particularly, to curable, weldable coatings formetal substrates, which inhibit corrosion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The production of light gauge steel for end uses ranging fromarchitectural construction materials to automobiles is well known. Arolling mill line produces continuous sheets of steel in the requiredthickness and width. The steel sheets may be coated with a thin layer ofzinc metal via a galvanizing process. Eventually, mill oil is applied tothe uncoated or galvanized steel sheets, and the steel is either storedor shipped in a coil to a customer for further processing.

Typically, the customer is an automobile manufacturer who will take thecoiled metal sheet and pass it through a lubricating station and then toa forming operation where the metal sheet is cut and formed into a partsuch as a roof, fender, door, etc. The parts are then welded together toform an automobile body. Next, the automobile body is cleaned, treatedwith a zinc phosphating solution to enhance corrosion protection, andrinsed with deionized water. The treated automobile body is then passedthrough an electrodeposition bath where a corrosion resistant primer isapplied.

The automobile manufacturers would like to streamline their operationsand have some of the operations described above done outside theautomobile assembly plant, for example at a steel mill or a customcoater. One major problem with moving certain operations to a steel millor a custom coater is that any coating applied outside the automobileassembly plant must be able to accept a weld. At some point in time, thevarious metal parts will be welded together in the automobile assemblyplant to form the automobile body. Consequently, automobilemanufacturers have a strong demand for a weldable, corrosion resistantcoating composition that can be applied at a steel mill or at a customcoating facility.

Such a weldable, corrosion resistant coating composition could beapplied at a custom coater, known as a coil coater, who would ship thecoated metal sheet to the automobile manufacturer. As described above,the automobile manufacturer would then form the metal sheet into partsand weld the parts together. However, the metal pretreatment operationand perhaps the electrodeposition process could be avoided since themetal received by the automobile manufacturer would already contain acorrosion resistant coating.

Similar to the above, a weldable, corrosion resistant coatingcomposition could also be applied at a steel mill. Application at thesteel mill enables the automobile manufacturer to receive corrosionresistant metal directly without the expense associated with shippingthe metal to a coil coater and from the coil coater to the automobilemanufacturer.

The present invention provides a weldable, curable coating compositionthat provides corrosion protection and can be applied by a coil coateror at a steel mill, can be cured at low temperature and provides goodadhesion and good corrosion protection without prior metal pretreatment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention is a curable coating compositioncomprising:

-   -   a. a resinous binder comprising:        -   i. a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer with a            compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reaction            product having reactive functional groups,        -   ii. a curing agent having functional groups reactive with            the functional groups of (i);    -   b. an electroconductive pigment dispersed in (a) such that the        weight ratio of b to (i) plus (ii) is within the range of 0.5 to        9.0:1,

the curable coating composition being characterized such that when it isdeposited and cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable.

Another aspect of the present invention is an aqueous-based coatingcomposition comprising:

-   -   a. a resinous binder comprising:        -   i. a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer with a            compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reaction            product having reactive functional groups,        -   ii. a curing agent having functional groups reactive with            the functional groups of (i);    -   b. an electroconductive pigment dispersed in (a) such that the        weight ratio of b to (i) plus (ii) is within the range of 0.5 to        9.0:1; and:    -   c. water,

the coating composition being characterized such that when it isdeposited and cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable.

Yet, another aspect of the present invention is an organic solvent-basedcoating composition comprising:

-   -   a. a resinous binder comprising:        -   i. a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer with a            compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reaction            product having reactive functional groups,        -   ii. a curing agent having functional groups reactive with            the functional groups of (i);    -   b. an electroconductive pigment dispersed in (a) such that the        weight ratio of b to (i) plus (ii) is within the range of 0.5 to        9.0:1; and    -   c. an organic solvent,

the curable coating composition being characterized such that when it isdeposited cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable.

Another aspect of the present invention is a process for coating acontinuous strip or coil of metal comprising:

-   -   a. applying directly to the metal sheet shortly after it is        formed and at a temperature of 20 to 150° C., a curable coating        composition comprising:    -   i. a resinous binder comprising        -   (A) a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer with a            compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reaction            product having reactive functional groups,        -   (B) a curing agent having functional groups reactive with            the functional groups of (A);    -   ii. an electroconductive pigment dispersed in (i) such that the        weight ratio of (ii) to (A) plus (B) is within the range of 0.5        to 9.0:1,

the curable coating composition being characterized such that when it isdeposited and cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable;and

-   -   b. drying the coating composition on the metal sheet.

Yet, another aspect of the invention is a process for coating acontinuous metal coil comprising:

-   -   a. unwinding the metal sheet from a metal coil and passing the        metal sheet in a substantially continuous manner through a        cleaning station, a coating station, and a curing station;    -   b. applying to the metal sheet at the coating station a curable        coating composition comprising:        -   i. a resinous binder comprising:            -   (A) a reaction product of an epoxy-containing polymer                with a phosphorus-containing acid, the reaction product                having reactive functional groups,            -   (B) a curing agent having functional groups reactive                with the functional groups of (A);        -   ii. an electroconductive pigment dispersed in (i) such that            the weight ratio of (ii) to (A) plus (B) is within the range            of 0.5 to 9.0:1; and    -   c. curing the coating composition applied to the metal sheet in        step (b) as the coated metal sheet passes through the curing        station.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified in thisapplication, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated asapproximations as though the minimum and maximum values within thestated ranges are both preceded by the word “about”. In this manner,slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used toachieve substantially the same results as values within the ranges.Also, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous rangeincluding every value between the minimum and maximum values.

The present invention is a curable coating composition for metalsubstrates that can be applied without pretreatment and methodsinvolving the same. The curable coating composition comprises a resinousbinder. The resinous binder comprises a reaction product of anepoxy-containing polymer with a compound containing phosphorus acidgroups. The reaction product has reactive functional groups.

Useful epoxy-containing polymers have at least one epoxy or oxiranegroup in the molecule, such as polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydricalcohols. Useful polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols can beformed by reacting epihalohydrins like epibromohydrin, dichlorohydrinand epichlorohydrin with polyhydric alcohols, such as dihydric alcohols,in the presence of an alkali condensation and dehydrohalogenationcatalyst. Suitable alkali condensation and dehydrohalogenation catalystinclude sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Suitable polyhydric alcohols can be aromatic, aliphatic orcycloaliphatic. Non-limiting examples of suitable aromatic polyhydricalcohols include phenols that are preferably at least dihydric phenols.Other useful aromatic polyhydric alcohols include dihydroxybenzenes, forexample resorcinol, pyrocatechol and hydroquinone;bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-isobutane; 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone;bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-ethane; bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)methane;1,5-hydroxynaphthalene; 4-isopropylidene bis(2,6-dibromophenol);1,1,2,2-tetra(p-hydroxy phenyl)-ethane; 1,1,3-tris (p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane; novolac resins; bisphenol F; long-chain bisphenols; and2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, i.e., bisphenol A.

Non-limiting examples of aliphatic polyhydric alcohols include glycolssuch as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,1,2-propylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, 2,3-butylene glycol,pentamethylene glycol, polyoxyalkylene glycol; polyols such as sorbitol,glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, erythritol and trimethylolpropane; andmixtures thereof. An example of a suitable cycloaliphatic alcohol iscyclohexanedimethanol.

Preferably, the epoxy-containing polymer has at least two epoxy groupsper molecule and aromatic or cycloaliphatic functionality to improveadhesion to a metal substrate. It is also preferred that theepoxy-containing polymer be relatively more hydrophobic than hydrophilicin nature. Further, the epoxy-containing polymer should have a numberaverage molecular weight of about 220 to 25,000. The molecular weightcan be determined by multiplying the epoxy equivalent weight or epoxyequivalent by the epoxy functionality or number of epoxy groups.

Useful epoxy-containing polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,294,265; 5,306,526 and 5,653,823, which are hereby incorporated byreference. Other useful epoxy-containing materials includeepoxy-functional acrylic polymers, glycidyl esters of carboxylic acidsand mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable commercially availableepoxy-containing polymers are available from Shell Chemical Companyunder the trademarks EPON® 836, EPON® 828, EPON® 1002F and EPON® 1004F.EPON® 836 and EPON® 828 are epoxy functional polyglycidyl ethers ofbisphenol A prepared from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. EPON® 828 hasa number average molecular weight of about 400 and an epoxy equivalentweight of about 185—192. EPON® 836 has an epoxy equivalent weight ofabout 178-186.

The compound containing phosphorus acid groups that is reacted with theepoxy-containing polymer comprises phosphonic acids, phosphorous acid,phosphoric acids (preferred) including super- and poly-, and mixturesthereof.

Examples of suitable phosphonic acids include those having at least onegroup of the structure:—R—PO—(OH)₂where R is —C—, preferably CH₂, and more preferably O—CO—(CH₂)₂—.Nonlimiting examples of suitable phosphonic acids include1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, methylene phosphonic acids,and alpha-aminomethylene phosphonic acids containing at least one groupof the structure:

such as (2-hydroxyethyl)aminobis(methylene phosphonic) acid,isopropylaminobis(methylenephosphonic) acid and other aminomethylenephosphonic acids disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,556 at column 2, line52 to column 3, line 43, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Other useful phosphonic acids include alpha-carboxymethylene phosphonicacids containing at least one group of the structure:

Nonlimiting examples of suitable phosphonic acids includebenzylaminobis(methylene phosphonic) acid, cocoaminobis(methylenephosphonic) acid, triethylsilylpropylamino(methylene phosphonic) acidand carboxyethyl phosphonic acid.

The equivalent ratio of the compound containing phosphorus acid groupsto epoxy-containing polymer is within the range of 0.3 to 5.0:1,preferably 0.5 to 3.5:1. The epoxy-containing polymer and thecompound-containing phosphorus acid groups can be reacted together byany method known to those skilled in the art.

The functional groups associated with the reaction product of theepoxy-containing polymer and the compound-containing phosphorus acidgroups are hydroxyl groups including acidic hydroxyls or hydroxyl groupsand epoxy groups depending on the equivalent ratio of the compoundcontaining phosphorus acid groups to epoxy-containing polymer.

The resinous binder of the present invention also comprises a curingagent having functional groups that are reactive with the functionalgroups of the reaction product described above. The curing agent can beselected from aminoplasts, polyisocyanates, including blockedisocyanates, polyacids, organometallic acid-functional materials,polyamines, polyamides and mixtures of any of the foregoing depending onthe identity of the functional groups in the reaction product.

Useful aminoplasts can be obtained from the condensation reaction offormaldehyde with an amine or amide. Nonlimiting examples of amines oramides include melamine, urea and benzoguanamine.

Although condensation products obtained from the reaction of alcoholsand formaldehyde with melamine, urea or benzoguanamine are most common,condensates with other amines or amides can be used. For example,aldehyde condensates of glycoluril, which yield a high meltingcrystalline product useful in powder coatings, can be used. Formaldehydeis the most commonly used aldehyde, but other aldehydes such asacetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and benzaldehyde can also be used.

The aminoplast can contain imino and methylol groups. In certaininstances, at least a portion of the methylol groups can be etherifiedwith an alcohol to modify the cure response. Any monohydric alcohol likemethanol, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutanol, and hexanol can beemployed for this purpose. Nonlimiting examples of suitable aminoplastresins are commercially available from Cytec Industries, Inc. under thetrademark CYMEL® and from Solutia, Inc. under the trademark RESIMENE®.Preferred aminoplasts are CYMEL® 385 (preferred for water-basedcompositions), CYMEL® 1158 imino-functional melamine formaldehydecondensates,-and CYMEL® 303.

Other curing agents suitable for use include, but are not limited to,polyisocyanate curing agents. As-used herein, the term “polyisocyanate”is intended to include blocked (or capped) polyisocyanates as well asunblocked polyisocyanates. The polyisocyanate can be aliphatic,aromatic, or a mixture of the foregoing. Although higher polyisocyanatessuch as isocyanurates of diisocyanates are often used, diisocyanates canbe used. Higher polyisocyanates also can be used in combination withdiisocyanates. Isocyanate prepolymers, for example reaction products ofpolyisocyanates with polyols also can be used. Mixtures ofpolyisocyanate curing agents can be used.

If the polyisocyanate is blocked or capped, any suitable aliphatic,cycloaliphatic, or aromatic alkyl monoalcohol known to those skilled inthe art can be used as a capping agent for the polyisocyanate. Othersuitable capping agents include oximes and lactams. Other useful curingagents comprise blocked polyisocyanate compounds such as, for examplethe tricarbamoyl triazine compounds described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.5,084,541, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable curing agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,143 atcolumn 5, lines 45-62 and include blocked or unblocked di- orpolyisocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate blocked with caprolactam. Atoluene diisocyanate blocked with caprolactam is commercially availablefrom Bayer Corporation under the trademark DESMODUR® BL 1265.

Suitable polyacid curing agents include acid group-containing acrylicpolymers prepared from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer containingat least one carboxylic acid group and at least one ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer that is free from carboxylic acid groups. Such acidfunctional acrylic polymers can have an acid number ranging from 30 to150. Acid functional group-containing polyesters can be used as well.The above-described polyacid curing agents are described in furtherdetail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,811 at column 6, line 45 to column 9, line54, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Useful organometallic complexed materials which can be used as curingagents include a stabilized ammonium zirconium carbonate solutioncommercially available from Magnesium Elektron, Inc. under the trademarkBACOTE™ 20, stabilized ammonium, zirconium carbonate, and a zinc-basedpolymer crosslinking agent commercially available from Ultra AdditivesIncorporated under the trademark ZINPLEX 15.

Nonlimiting examples of suitable polyamine curing agents include primaryor secondary diamines or polyamines in which the radicals attached tothe nitrogen atoms can be saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic,alicyclic, aromatic, aromatic-substituted-aliphatic,aliphatic-substituted-aromatic, and heterocyclic. Nonlimiting examplesof suitable aliphatic and alicyclic diamines include 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, 1,8-octane diamine, isophorone diamine,propane-2,2-cyclohexyl amine, and the like. Nonlimiting examples ofsuitable aromatic diamines include phenylene diamines and toluenediamines, for example o-phenylene diamine and p-tolylene diamine. Theseand other suitable polyamines are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.4,046,729 at column 6, line 61 to column 7, line 26, which isincorporated herein by reference.

Appropriate mixtures of curing agents may also be used in the invention.The weight percent of the curing agent generally ranges from 5 to 60percent based on the total weight of the resinous binder.

The curable coating also comprises an electroconductive pigmentdispersed in the resinous binder. Nonlimiting examples of suitableelectroconductive pigments include zinc, aluminum, iron, graphite, ironphosphide, tungsten, stainless steel, and mixtures thereof. Suitablezinc pigments are commercially available from ZINCOLI GmbH under thetrademark ZINCOLIS 620 or 520. Suitable iron phosphide pigments arecommercially available from Occidental Chemical Corporation under thetrademark FERROPHOS™.

The electroconductive pigment is dispersed in the resinous binder suchthat the curable coating composition deposited and cured on a metalsubstrate is weldable. The term “weldable” is defined as beingsufficiently electroconductive to sustain a spot welding and joiningoperation as used in an automotive assembly plant. Preferably, theweight ratio of the electro-conductive pigment to the reaction productplus curing agent is within the range of 0.2 to 10. Also, the weightpercent of electroconductive pigment based on the total weight ofresinous binder plus electroconductive pigment is from 30 to 95 percent.

The curable coating composition may contain a diluent. Diluents are isadded to adjust the viscosity of the coating composition. If a diluentis used, it should not detrimentally affect the adhesion of the curablecoating composition to the metal substrate. Useful diluents includewater, organic solvents, or mixtures of water and organic solvents.

When water is included as a diluent, dispersants, thickeners,stabilizers, rheology modifiers, and anti-settling agents are required.A suitable rheology-modifier is available from Rohm and Haas Companyunder the trademark Rheology Modifier QR-708, Experimental. A suitablestabilizing and dispersing agent is potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP).When prepared, the viscosity of the aqueous composition is 300-12,000 cp(Brookfield Cone and Plate). When the composition is shipped, it is upto 35 percent water by weight with a viscosity of about 100-2000 cp. Atapplication, the composition will be no more than 50 percent water byweight with a viscosity between 20-100 cp.

Optimally, the aqueous composition will contain an amine. The preferredamines are hydroxyl-containing amines. The volatile organic compoundcontent (VOC content) of the aqueous composition will be less than 2,preferably less than 1.7.

Method 24 is a common method for determining VOC content. According toMethod 24, the VOC content for single component coatings is determinedby calculating the total volatile content in grams for the water and/orexempt material content in grams and dividing by the volume of the testspecimen corrected for the water and/or exempt material volume. The VOCcontent is reported as the mass per unit volume of coating (grams perliter or pounds per gallon) or as the mass per unit volume of coatingsolids (grams per liter of solids).

For multi-component coatings, the VOC content is determined using thefollowing equations: ${VOC} = \frac{\begin{matrix}( {{total}\quad{volatiles}\quad{less}\quad{water}\quad{less}\quad{exempt}\quad{solvents}} ) \\( {{density}\quad{of}\quad{coating}} )\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{100\%} - ( {{volume}\quad{percent}\quad{of}\quad{water}} ) -} \\( {{voulme}\quad{percent}\quad{of}\quad{exempt}\quad{solvents}} )\end{matrix}}$ or ${VOC} = \frac{({Wo})({Dc})}{{100\%} - {Vw} - {Vex}}$

Where:

-   -   W_(o)=weight percent of organic volatiles    -   V_(W)=volume of water, %, (W_(w))(D_(c)/D_(w))    -   V_(ex)=volume of exempt solvent, %, (W_(ex))(D_(c)/D_(ex))    -   D_(c)=density of coating, g/L, at 25° C.

The VOC content for multi-component coatings is expressed as the mass ofVOC per unit volume of the coating minus water and exempt solvents.

The diluent of the present invention can be an organic solvent. Suitableorganic solvents include alcohols having up to about 8 carbon atoms,such as ethanol and isopropanol; and alkyl ethers of glycols, such as1-methoxy-2-propanol, and monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol,diethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Preferably, the diluent includesa propylene glycol monomethyl ether or a dipropylene glycol monomethylether that are commercially available from Dow Chemical Company. Asuitable propylene glycol monomethyl ether is available from DowChemical Company under the trademark DOWANOL PM. A suitable dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether is commercially available under the trademarkDOWANOL DPM.

Other suitable organic solvents include ketones such as cyclohexanone(preferred), acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone andisophorone; esters and ethers such as 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, propyleneglycol methyl ether acetates such as PM ACETATE, which is commerciallyavailable from Dow Chemical Company; and aromatic solvents such astoluene, xylene, aromatic solvent blends derived from petroleum such asthose available under the trademark SOLVESSO®.

When prepared, the viscosity of the organic solvent-containingcomposition is 300-12,000 cp (Brookfield Cone and Plate). When thecomposition is shipped, it is 20-40 percent organic solvent by weightwith a viscosity of about 100-2000 cp. At application, the compositionwill be approximately 50 percent organic solvent by weight, thecomposition with a viscosity between 20-100 cp.

The solvent-based composition contains an amine for stability purposes.The preferred amines are alkyl substituted morpholine compounds such asN-methyl and N-ethyl morpholine.

Optimally, the curable coating composition of the invention can furthercomprise surfactants. Surfactants can be used to improve the wetting ofthe substrate. Generally, surfactants are present in an amount of lessthan about 2 weight percent on a basis of total weight of the coatingcomposition. Suitable surfactants are commercially available from AirProducts and Chemicals, Inc. under the trademark SURFYNOL 104 PA.

The coating composition of the present invention can also includecorrosion resistant pigments. Suitable corrosion resistant pigmentsinclude, but are not limited to, zinc phosphate, calcium ion-exchangedsilica, colloidal silica, synthetic amorphous silica, and molybdatessuch as calcium molybdate, zinc molybdate, barium molybdate, strontiummolybdate, and mixtures thereof. Suitable calcium ion-exchanged silicais commercially available from W.R. Grace & Co. under the trademarkSHIELDEX® AC3. Suitable colloidal silica is available from NissanChemical Industries, Ltd. under the trademark SNOWTEX. Suitableamorphous silica is available from W.R. Grace & Co. under the trademarkSYLOID®.

The curable coating composition can further comprise other optionalingredients such as inorganic lubricants like molybdenum disulfideparticles that are commercially available from Climax MolybdenumMarketing Corporation. The coating composition can also include extenderpigments such as iron oxides and iron phosphides, flow control agents,and thixotropic agents such as silica, montmorillonite clay andhydrogenated castor oil. Further, the coating composition can includeanti-settling agents such as aluminum stearate and polyethylene powder,dehydrating agents which inhibit gas formation such as silica, lime orsodium aluminum silicate, and wetting agents including salts of sulfatedcastor oil derivatives such as those commercially available from CognisCorporation under the trademark RILANIT R4.

Preferably, the curable coating composition is essentially free ofchromium-containing materials, i.e., contains less than about 2 weightpercent of chromium-containing materials (expressed as CrO₃), and morepreferably less than about 0.05 weight percent of chromium-containingmaterials, and most preferably about 0.00001 weight percent. Examples ofsuch chromium-containing materials include chromic acid, chromiumtrioxide, chromic acid anhydride, dichromate salts such as ammoniumdichromate, sodium dichromate, potassium dichromate, and calciumchromate.

In practice, the curable coating composition of the present inventionwill be applied on a metal substrate. Metal substrates used in thepractice of the present invention include ferrous metals, non-ferrousmetals and combinations thereof. Suitable ferrous metals include iron,steel, and alloys thereof. Nonlimiting examples of useful steelmaterials include cold rolled steel, galvanized (zinc coated) steel,electrogalvanized steel, stainless steel, pickled steel, zinc-iron alloysuch as Galvanneal, Galvalume and Galfan zinc-aluminum alloys andcombinations thereof. Useful non-ferrous metals include aluminum, zinc,magnesium and alloys thereof. Combinations or composites of ferrous andnon-ferrous metals can also be used.

At application, the temperature of the coating composition is typicallyabout 10° C. to about 85° C., and preferably about 15° C. to about 60°C. For aqueous coating compositions, the pH of the coating compositionat application generally ranges from about 7.0 to about 12.0, and ispreferably about 8.0 to about 10.5.

If the pH of the coating composition needs to be adjusted, water-solubleor water-dispersible acids and/or bases can be used. Suitable acidsinclude mineral acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, fluoroboric acid,phosphoric acid, and nitric acid; organic acids, such as lactic acid,acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, citric acid, and mixtures thereof.Suitable bases include inorganic bases, such as sodium hydroxide andpotassium hydroxide; nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonia,triethylamine, methyl ethanol amine, diisopropanolamine; and mixturesthereof.

The curable coating composition of the invention can be applied to thesurface of a metal substrate by any conventional application technique,such as spraying, immersion or roll coating in a batch or continuousprocess. Squeegee or wringer rolls can be used to remove excess coating.After application, the curable coating is cured to form a cured coatingupon the metal substrate. Curing can be achieved at peak metaltemperatures of 100-400° C. Peak metal temperatures of about 150° C. toabout 300° C. are preferred. The cure times utilized in the presentinvention range from twenty (20) seconds to sixty (60) minutes.

The thickness of the applied coating is determined mainly by theapplication conditions. Generally, to achieve sufficient corrosionresistance for automotive use, the applied coating should have a filmthickness of at least about 1 micrometer (about 0.04 mils), preferablyabout 1 to about 20 micrometers, and more preferably about 2 to about 10micrometers. For other substrates and other applications, thinner orthicker coatings can be used.

One of the major advantages of the curable coating composition of theinvention is that it can be applied either at a steel mill or a coilcoating facility. When the coating composition is applied at a steelmill, the following steps are followed. First, the curable coatingcomposition is applied directly to a metal sheet shortly after it isformed and at a temperature of 20 to 150° C. Second, the coatingcomposition is dried using an IR oven. IR ovens generate the high peakmetal temperatures in short periods of time (2 to 30 seconds).

When the coating composition is applied at a coil coating facility, theprocess is as follows. A metal sheet is unwound from a metal coil andpassed through a cleaning station, a coating station, and a curingstation in a substantially continuous manner. As the metal sheet passesthrough the coating station, the curable coating composition of thepresent invention is applied to the metal sheet. The coating compositionis cured as the coated metal sheet passes through the curing station.

The present invention will now be illustrated by the following specific,non-limiting examples. All parts and percentages are by weight unlessotherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are included in the application to describe andhighlight the present invention. Examples A-F show how the resin of thepresent invention is synthesized. Examples 1-5 illustrate specificformulations of the coating composition according to the presentinvention. The Examples include a section that describes the preparationand subsequent coating of substrates according to the present invention.The Examples also include a section that shows the performance ofsubstrates coated with the coating composition according to the presentinvention in regards to adhesion and corrosion.

RESIN SYNTHESES Example A

To a 4-neck 3-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux-condenser, amechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet, were charged at ambienttemperature 36.9 grams (0.32 mole) of 85% phosphoric acid and 50 gramsof DOWANOL PM. The mixture was heated with stirring to 99° C. whilemaintaining a nitrogen blanket. A solution comprising 554 grams (0.6mole) of EPON® 1004F commercially available from Shell Chemical Companyand 553 grams of DOWANOL PM was added to the flask from an additionfunnel at 99-100° C. over 52 minutes. The reaction mixture was then heldat 100° C. for 53 minutes at which time the epoxy equivalent weight wasdetermined to be greater than 20,000. Next, 21.6 grams of deionizedwater were added and the reaction mixture was held at 100-104° C. for123 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 82° C., and avacuum was applied resulting in 253 grams of distillate removed. To thereaction mixture were then added 57 grams (0.64 moles) ofdimethylethanol amine dissolved in 100 grams of deionized water overeight minutes at 82° C. After mixing well, 934.5 grams of deionizedwater (preheated to approximately 70° C.) were added to the reactionmixture at 72-57° C. over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was thencooled and poured into a plastic container. The solids of the resinsolution were determined to be 31.1%, and the acid number was determinedto be 18.1.

Example B

To a 4-neck 5-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, amechanical-stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were charged at ambienttemperature 1880 grams (5.0 moles) of EPON® 828, 684 grams (3.0 moles)of Bisphenol A and 2.6 grams of ethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide. Themixture was stirred and heated to 130° C. while maintaining a nitrogenblanket. The reaction mixture was allowed to exotherm and reached amaximum temperature of 173° C. The reaction mixture was then held forabout one hour as the temperature was allowed to fall to 150° C. Thereaction mixture was then cooled to 120° C. over 60 minutes. Thereaction mixture was then diluted by the addition of 1100 grams ofDOWANOL PM over 35 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled andpoured into a metal container and designated “epoxy resin solutionX”.The solids of the resin solution were determined to be 70.9%, and theepoxy equivalent weight was determined to be 917 as measured bypotentiometric titration.

Example C

To a 4-neck 5-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, amechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were charged at ambienttemperature 123.1 grams (1.067 moles) of 85% phosphoric acid and 200grams of DOWANOL PM. The mixture was stirred and heated to 99° C. whilemaintaining a nitrogen blanket. A solution comprising 1834 grams (1.0mole) of “epoxy resin solution X” and an additional 519.7 grams ofDOWANOL PM were added to the flask from an addition funnel at 99° C.over 78 minutes. An additional 100 grams of DOWANOL PM were used as arinse for the addition funnel. The rinse was added to the reactionmixture. The reaction mixture was then held at 99° C. for 59 minutes atwhich time the epoxy equivalent weight was determined to be greater than20,000 as measured by potentiometric titration. The reaction mixture wasthen cooled and filled out into a plastic container. The solids of theresin solution were determined to be 55.6%, and the acid number wasdetermined to be 40.1.

Example D

To a 4-neck 5-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, amechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were charged at ambienttemperature 1880 grams (5.0 moles) of EPON® 828, 684 grams (3.0 moles)of Bisphenol A and 2.6 grams of ethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide. Themixture was stirred and heated to 130° C. while maintaining a nitrogenblanket. The reaction mixture was allowed to exotherm and reached amaximum temperature of 172° C. The reaction mixture was then heated to180° C. and held for about one hour at 180° C. The heat was turned off,and the reaction mixture was allowed to stand overnight whilemaintaining a nitrogen blanket. The next morning, heat was carefullyapplied to melt the resin and when the resin was partially melted, 1100grams of DOWANOL PM were added. The reaction mixture was then heatedwith good mixing until all the resin was dissolved. The resin solutionwas cooled and filled out into a metal container and designated “epoxyresin solution Y”.The solids of the resin solution were determined to be69.8%, and the epoxy equivalent weight was determined to be 945.

Example E

To a 4-neck 5-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, amechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet, were charged at ambienttemperature 47.5 grams (0.267 mole) of superphosphoric acid and 221.3grams of DOWANOL PM. The mixture was heated with stirring to 89° C.while maintaining a nitrogen blanket. A solution comprising 945 grams(0.5 mole) of “epoxy resin solution Y” and an additional 154.2 grams ofDOWANOL PM were added to the flask from an addition funnel at 89-90° C.over 54 minutes. An additional 50 grams of DOWANOL PM were used as arinse for the addition funnel. The rinse was added to the reactionmixture. The reaction mixture was then held at 90° C. for about one hourat which time the heat was turned off and the resin solution allowed tostand overnight while maintaining a nitrogen blanket. The next morningthe reaction mixture was heated to 89° C. and the epoxy equivalentweight was determined to be greater than 20,000. The reaction mixturewas then cooled and filled out into a plastic container. The solids ofthe resin solution were determined to be 51.4%, and the acid number wasdetermined to be 28.3.

Example F

To a 4-neck 3-liter round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, amechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were charged at ambienttemperature 888 grams (0.5 mole) of EPON® 1004F and 832 grams of DOWANOLPM. The mixture was heated with stirring to 101° C. while maintaining anitrogen blanket. A solution comprising 47.5 grams (0.267 mole) ofsuperphosphoric acid and 47.5 grams of DOWANOL PM were added from anaddition funnel at 101-106° C. over 11 minutes. An additional 20 gramsof DOWANOL PM were used as a rinse for the addition funnel. The rinsewas added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was then held at101° C. for 74 minutes at which time the epoxy equivalent weight wasdetermined to be greater than 20,000. Then 36 grams of deionized waterwere added and the reaction mixture was held at 100-105° C. for 120minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled and filled out into aplastic container. The solids of the resin solution were determined tobe 54.61% and the acid number was determined to be 28.0.

COATINGS FORMULATIONS Example 1

At ambient temperature, a water-based low cure coating composition wasmade by first adding 36.23 grams of CYMEL® 303 available from CytecIndustries, Inc. to 202.03 grams of Example A. While stirring themixture with a Cowles blade, each of the following components was addedsequentially in one minute intervals: 292.42 grams of FerrophosHRS-3095; 32.58 grams of Shieldex AC3; 0.91 grams of Surfynol 104PA; and2.72 grams of Rheology Modifier QR-708. The resultant mixture was thenstirred with a Cowles blade for 30 minutes. A mild heating occurred. Theinitial viscosity was about 8700 centipoise (RVT Brookfield Spindle 52;5.0 rpm), and grind gauge measurement was 4.5 (Hegman).

Example 2

At ambient temperature, a solvent-based low cure coating composition wasmade by first adding 25.70 grams of CYMEL® 303 to 133.73 grams ofExample C. While stirring the mixture with a Cowles blade, 156.02 gramsof Ferrophos 3095 were added over one minute followed by the addition of17.00 grams of Shieldex AC3 over one minute. The resultant mixture wasthen stirred with a Cowles blade for 30 minutes. A mild heatingoccurred. Upon completion of the stirring, 76.55 grams of1-methoxy-2-propanol were added and the resultant mixture was stirredwith a Cowles blade for 5 minutes. The initial viscosity was about 500centipoise (RVT Brookfield Spindle 52; 50 rpm), and grind gaugemeasurement was 5.0 (Hegman).

Example 3

A curable coating composition was prepared by stirring 88.1 grams of2132 Ferrophos and 7.8 grams of Shieldex AC3 in with 57.5 grams of EPON®1002F phosphated with phosphoric acid (equivalent ratio of phosphoricacid to epoxy 1:1.6). After stirring with a Cowles blade for 30 minutes,31.4 grams of Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether were added and mixingwas continued. Then 11.0 grams of CYMEL 303, 3.6 grams of PhosphatizedEpoxy (equivalent ratio of phosphoric acid to epoxy of 1.6:1),hereinafter “Phosphated Epoxy A” and 1.0 grams of N-Ethylmorpholine wereadded. Mixing was continued for another 5 minutes.

Example 4

A curable coating composition was prepared by stirring 43.8 grams of2132 Ferrophos and 3.9 grams of Shieldex AC3 in with 27.2 grams of EPON®1004F (phosphated with phosphoric acid, equivalent ratio of phosphoricacid to epoxy of 1.6:1). After stirring with a Cowles for 30 minutes,15.0 grams of Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether were added. Then 7.5grams of CYMEL 11158, 1.8 grams of Phosphatized Epoxy A, and 0.5 gramsof N-ethylmorpholine were added and mixing was continued for 5 minutes.

Example 5

A curable coating composition was prepared by stirring 2.7 grams ofN-ethylmorpholine in with 46.8 grams Phosphatized EPON® 1004F of Example4. Next, 76.4 grams of 2132 Ferrophos and 6.7 grams of Shieldex AC3 wereadded via stirring. After stirring with a Cowles blade for 30 minutes,27.4 grams of Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether-were added. Lastly, 12.7grams of CYMEL 1158 were added and mixing was continued for 5 minutes.

Preparation and Coating of Substrates

Two-sided 60G Electrogalvanized Steel (EG) and Zn/Fe two-sided hotdipped Galvanneal Steel (GA) steel panels were obtained from USXCorporation. Each panel was 15.3 centimeters (cm) wide and 38.1 cm long.The steel panels were subjected to an alkaline cleaning process by sprayin a 20% by volume bath of CHEMKLEEN 163 (CK163) which is available fromPPG Industries, Inc. at a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.) for 60seconds. Alternatively, the steel panels were subjected to an alkalinecleaning process by spray in a 0.85% by weight bath of Parco 338 (P338)which is available from Henkel, Inc. at a temperature of 65° C. (149°F.) for 10 seconds. The panels were removed from the alkaline cleaningbath, rinsed with room temperature deionized water (about 21° C. (70°F.)) for 5 seconds and dried with warm air (about 40° C.).

Some of the panels were pretreated with NUPAL® 456BZR. Panels coatedwith commercially available compositions were prepared with and withoutpretreatment. None of the panels coated with compositions according tothe present invention was pretreated.

After cleaning (and possibly pretreatment in the case of panels coatedwith commercially available compositions), the panels were coated usingwire drawbars and baked at 193° C. (380° F.) for 40 seconds until a peakmetal temperature of 143° C. (290° F.) was achieved. The resultingdrawbar type/corresponding dried film thickness values are reported inTable 1. The panels were then quenched with ambient temperaturedeionized water and dried prior to testing.

Adhesion and Corrosion Testing

To determine the adhesion of the coating systems under fabricationconditions, three tests were conducted. For the first two tests, panelscoated as described above (without application of lubricant) weresubjected to Erichsen adhesion and 160 inch-pound reverse impact tests.A second set of panels was coated with about 1064 mg/m² (about 100mg/ft²) of Quaker 61AUS mill oil and drawn into square cups 25.4 mm (1inch) in height and 36.5 mm (1 7/16 inches) along each side. Adhesionperformance was evaluated on areas of the cups where deformation andstrain were the greatest (sides and top/bottom corners).

After completion of all three fabrication tests, the panels were exposedto a phosphate process that would be typical of original equipmentmanufacture (OEMs). The phosphate process involves the following steps:

-   -   1) Spray Clean with CK490MX (2 oz/gal—567 g/10 gal) for 5        minutes at 120° F. and a pressure between 10-20 psi;    -   2) Perform an immersion rinse with warm tap water for        approximately 20 seconds at 120° F.;    -   3) Apply an immersion rinse conditioner (1 g/L) for 1 minute at        100° F.;    -   4) Apply an immersion phosphate with CF700 for 2 minutes at 122°        F.;    -   5) Perform an immersion rinse with deionized water for        approximately 30 seconds at ambient temperature;    -   6) Perform an immersion seal comprising:        -   a) For Europe, use CHEMSEAL™ 19 available from PPG            Industries, Inc., adjusted with 10% NH₄OH until pH=4 to 4.5.            Apply for approximately 1 minute at ambient temperature.        -   b) For the United States, use CHEMSEAL 59 available from PPG            Industries, Inc., CS59 (1% v/v, where % v/v stands for            volume to volume, i.e., for every 100 mL of solution, there            is 1 mL of CS59) adjusted with 10% NH₄OH until pH=4 to 4.5.            Apply for approximately 1 minute at ambient temperature.    -   7) Perform a spray bottle final rinse with deionized water.        Rinse each side three times for approximately 5 seconds at        ambient 5 temperature;    -   8) Dry using warm air; and.    -   9) Bake at 350° F. for 60 minutes.

Tables 1 and 2

The percentage of area in which complete delamination occurred for eachsample is shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. After the initial adhesionevaluation, cups were placed in corrosion testing (PPG STM-0772 based onGM TM-54-26 APG test) for 20 cycles. Relative ratings according to thepercentage of red rust that formed over the entire tested surface of thecup, as well as the degree of white stain, are shown in Table 2. Datafrom standard high temperature bake controls (with and withoutpretreatment) are shown for comparison.

In Tables 1 and 2 below, NUPAL is a registered trademark of PPGIndustries, Inc. for metal pretreatment compositions and is described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,858,282 entitled “Aqueous Amine Fluoride NeutralizingComposition for Metal Pretreatments Containing Organic Resin andMethod”. BZ is an abbreviation for BONAZINC™, a trademark of PPGIndustries Ohio, Inc. for zinc-rich coating. MEK is an abbreviation formethyl ethyl ketone. “MEK rubs” is a test for solvent resistance whichentails rubbing a cloth saturated with methyl ethyl ketone back andforth (“double rub”) using normal hand pressure until the coating ismarred. The phosphate test referred to in Table 1 is the ten-stepprocess included in the “Adhesion and Corrosion Testing” section above.

TABLE 1 INITIAL INITIAL ADHESION ADHESION INITIAL Erichsen¹ 160 lbADHESION SUBSTRATE Adhesion Rev. Impact² CUPS TESTED COATING % Coating %Coating % Coating (Cleaner type) (PMT Cure) Loss after Loss after Lossafter {Pretreatment} ‘Dry Film MEK Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate if anyThickness’ Rubs Process³ Process³ Process⁴ USX EG BZ3000 100+  <5%  <5%  10% (P338) (254° C.) (Nupal ® 456BZR) ‘3-4 microns’ USX EG BZ3000 20   95 to 100% 95 to 100% 70-80% (P338) (254° C.) (no pretreat) ‘3-4microns’ USX GA BZ3001 100+  <5%  <5%    5% (P338) (232° C.)(Nupal ® 456BZR) ‘3-4 microns’ USX EG BZ3001 100+ 95 to 100% 95 to 100%60-70% (P338) (232° C.) (no pretreat) ‘3-4 microns’ USX EG Example 120-50 <5% <5%  <5% (CK163) (140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX GAExample 1 100+ <5% <5%    5% (CK163) (140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘4-5microns’ USX EG Example 2 100+ <5% <5%    5% (CK163) (140° C.) (nopretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX GA Example 2 100+ <5% <5%    5% (CK163)(140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX EG Example 3 20-50 50-70%70-90%    5% (P338) (140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘3-4 microns’ USX EG Example4 100+ <5% <5%    5% (P338) (140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘3-4 microns’ USX EGExample 5 100+ <5% <5%    5% (P338) (140° C.) (no pretreat) ‘4-5microns’ ¹Erichsen Adhesion Test: SOP-40-017 Operation of the ErichsenSheet Metal Testing Machine. The panels are placed in the machine,unoiled and coated side out, and drawn to 8 mm. The bump is then tapedwith Scotch 610 tape and the percent of coating remaining on the bump isestimated. ²Reverse Impact Test: The panel is placed unoiled and coatedside down in the Gardner Impact Tester with a 4 lb. weight. The weightis raised to and dropped from the height corresponding to a 160 in-lb.impact. The bump is then taped with Scotch 610 tape and the percent ofcoating remaining on the bump is estimated. ³Values based on the rangeover two bumps. ⁴Values based on the average of two cups.

TABLE 2 APG APG SUBSTRATE TESTING TESTING TESTED COATING PANELS CUPS(Cleaner type) (PMT Cure) % RED RUST % RED RUST {Pretreatment} ‘Dry Film(Degree of (Degree of if any Thickness’ White Stain)¹ White Stain)¹ USXEG BZ3000 10-30% 80-90% (P338) (254° C.) (Moderate) (Moderate)(Nupal ® 456BZR)² ‘3-4 microns’ USX GA BZ3001  5-20% 20-30% (P338) (232°C.) (Moderate) (Moderate) (Nupal ® 456BZR)² ‘3-4 microns’ USX EG Example1  2-3% 30-40% (CK163) (140° C.) (light) (Moderate) (no pretreat) ‘4-5microns’ USX GA Example 1 <2% 20-30% (CK163) (140° C.) (light)(Moderate) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX EG Example 2  3-5% 30-40%(CK163) (140° C.) (light) (Moderate) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX GAExample 2 <2% 10-15% (CK163) (140° C. ) (light) (light) (no pretreat)‘4-5 microns’ USX EG Example 3  5-30% 20-30% (P338) (140° C.) (light to(moderate) (no pretreat) ‘3-4 microns’ moderate) USX EG Example 4  5-20%20-30% (P338) (140° C.) (light to (moderate) (no pretreat) ‘3-4 microns’moderate) USX EG Example 5  3-5% 25-35% (P338) (140° C.) (light)(moderate) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ USX EG Example 5 <2%  5-15%(P338) (140° C.) (light) (light) (no pretreat) ‘4-5 microns’ ¹Valuesbased on the average of two or more test pieces. ²Due to the high levelof coating delamination upon alkaline cleaning of unpretreated BZ3000 &BZ3001 controls (see Table 1), these variables were found to yield >80%red rust in <5 cycles of APG testing.

The data reported in Tables 1 and 2 above show that the coatingcompositions compare very favorably with commercially availablezinc-rich coatings. The panels coated with compositions according to thepresent invention demonstrated excellent adhesion and corrosionresistance properties without metal pretreatment. In contrast to theresults obtained using the composition of the present invention, panelscoated with commercially available coatings did not demonstratesatisfactory adhesion and corrosion resistance without metalpretreatment. In addition to the demonstrated excellent adhesion andcorrosion resistance properties, the compositions of the presentinvention can be cured at lower temperatures than commercially availablecoatings.

Weldability Test

The coating compositions of the present invention were tested for spot,weldability by coating two steel sheets on both sides with compositionsof the present invention. Each sheet was approximately 2½ inches by 12inches by 0.030 inches. The sheets were welded together repeatedly—eachweld being spaced between ⅜ inches and ½ inches apart. After about 50welds, the welded sheets were allowed to cool to prevent the sheets frombecoming excessively hot. After cooling, another 50 welds wereadministered to the sheet. Testing Methods A and B, used to evaluate thecoatings of this invention, involve approximately 1000 welds and measurewelding parameters A_(min), the welding current needed to form a“minimum nugget” and A_(max), the highest current that can be usedwithout violently ejecting molten metal from the weld (“expulsion”).

Table 3 below summarizes the results of weldability testing. In Table 3,“lobe width” refers to the difference between A_(min) and A_(max). The“current stepping required” refers to the degree of current steppingrequired to maintain a certain safety margin which is defined as theexcess current used beyond that needed to form a minimum nugget duringthe test. The parameters used to generate the welding data are asfollows: Weld force=470 pounds; Squeeze time=45 cycles=45/60 sec; Weldtime=9 cycles=9/60 sec; Hold time=5 cycles=5/60 sec; Off time=40cycles=40/60 sec; Rate of Welding=36 welds per minute; and A_(min)=3.6mm diameter.

TABLE 3¹ Coating Lobe width lobe width lobe width Current thickness,Test after 50 after 500 after 950 stepping Example microns Steel type²method welds welds welds required Comment 1 3.4 GA  A³ 1.2 kA 1.5 kA 1.0kA 0.8 kA A_(min) 7.2 to 8.0 2 3.8 EG A 1.1 kA 1.1 kA 1.1 kA 0.2 kAA_(min) 7.2 to 7.4 2 8.1 GA A 1.5 kA 1.2 kA 0.7 kA 1.1 kA A_(min) 6.8 to7.9 5 4.0 EG B 1.9 kA 1.7 kA 1.1 kA 0.5 kA A_(max) 8.8 to 9.3 5 6.8 GA B⁴ 1.4 kA 1.2 kA 0.9 kA 0.1 kA A_(max) 8.5 to 8.6 Bonazinc 3.7 EG A 1.9kA 1.2 kA 1.3 kA 1.4 kA A_(min) 6.9 to 8.3 3000 Bonazinc 3.7 EG A 1.2 kA0.9 kA 1.6 kA 1.4 kA A_(min) 6.4 to 7.8 3001 ¹The welding data includedin Table 3 was evaluated using a model 150 AP resistance spot welderfrom Lors Corporation of Union, New Jersey, equipped with a Model 108Bwelding controller from Interlock Industries, Inc, and Lors Corporation.The welding current in kiloamperes (kA) was measured using a modelMM-315A Weld Checker from Unitek Miyachi Corporation of Monrovia,California. MB 25Z copper welding tips from the Wheaton Company, Inc. of# Warminster, Pennsylvania with a starting face diameter of 3/16 inchwere used. ²EG = Electrogalvanized Steel; and GA = Galvanneal. ³InMethod A, A_(min) was measured every 200 welds and subsequent wear weldswere measured at 1.0 kA increments over the new A_(min). ⁴In Method B,A_(max) was determined every 200 welds with the welding current beingadjusted to the new A_(max) for the following set of wear welds.

All welds were successful using Examples 1, 2 and 5 since the highamperage welding current passed through the sheets. There were no casesin which the welding tips became fouled to the extent that current flowwas prevented. Because (1) the amount of current stepping required tomaintain a welding safety margin over 1000 welds is smaller thancommercially used controls and (2) it is no larger than some examplesutilized in commercial automobile assembly, all of the examples arejudged to be weldable for the purposes of repetitive automotive spotwelding.

1. An aqueous-based curable coating composition comprising: a. aresinous binder comprising i. a reaction product of an epoxy-containingpolymer with a compound containing phosphorus acid groups, the reactionproduct having reactive functional groups, ii. a curing agent havingfunctional groups reactive with the functional groups of (i); b. anelectroconductive pigment dispersed in (a) such that the weight ratio ofb to (i) plus (ii) is within the range of 0.5 to 9.0:1; and c. water,the coating composition being characterized such that when it isdeposited and cured on a metal substrate, the cured coating is weldable.2. The coating composition according to claim 1 further comprisingstabilizers, dispersants, and thickeners.
 3. The coating compositionaccording to claim 2 wherein the stabilizer/dispersant is potassiumtripolyphosphate.
 4. The coating composition according to claim 1further comprising an amine.
 5. The coating composition according toclaim 1 further comprising corrosion inhibiting pigments.